Epic
Nature: Long narrative poem about heroic deeds.
Characteristics:
Formal and grand style.
Involves gods or supernatural beings.
Focuses on a central heroic figure.
Functions:
Entertain and inspire with tales of bravery.
Reflect cultural values and beliefs.
Examples: "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" by Homer, "The Aeneid" by Virgil.
Lyric
Nature: Short, musical poem expressing personal emotions.
Characteristics:
Does not tell a story.
Often written in the first person.
Uses rhyme, meter, and metaphor.
Functions:
Evoke strong emotions.
Create a personal connection between poet and reader.
Examples: Sonnets by William Shakespeare, poems by Emily Dickinson.
Sonnet
Nature: 14-line lyric poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter.
Characteristics:
Follows either Italian (Petrarchan) or English (Shakespearean) structure.
Italian: Octave (abbaabba) + sestet (cdecde or cdcdcd).
English: Three quatrains (abab cdcd efef) + couplet (gg).
Functions:
Explore themes of love, beauty, and mortality.
Express complex ideas and emotions within a structured form.
Examples: Shakespeare's sonnets, Petrarch's sonnets.
Elegy
Nature: Poem of mourning and lamentation.
Characteristics:
Solemn and reflective tone.
Focuses on loss and grief.
Often ends with consolation or acceptance.
Functions:
Express sorrow and commemorate the deceased.
Process emotions and find solace.
Examples: "Lycidas" by John Milton, "In Memoriam A.H.H." by Alfred Lord Tennyson.
Ode
Nature: Lyrical poem praising a person, place, thing, or idea.
Characteristics:
Formal and elaborate structure.
Direct address with reverence and admiration.
Rich and expressive language.
Functions:
Celebrate and elevate the subject.
Inspire admiration and contemplation.
Examples: "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats, "Ode on a Grecian Urn" by John Keats.
Ballad
Nature: Narrative poem set to music, often of folk origin.
Characteristics:
Simple language and repetitive structure.
Rhyme scheme of abcb.
Composed of quatrains.
Includes dialogue and a chorus or refrain.
Functions:
Tell dramatic and engaging stories.
Preserve cultural traditions and history.
Examples: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "Barbara Allen" (traditional).
Dramatic Monologue
Nature: Poem where a single speaker addresses an implied audience.
Characteristics:
Speaker is a distinct character, not the poet.
Reveals the speaker's thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
Uses vivid and descriptive language.
Functions:
Explore the speaker's inner world and psychological complexity.
Engage the reader with a compelling narrative.
Examples: "My Last Duchess" by Robert Browning, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" by T.S. Eliot.
Free Verse
Nature: Poetry without specific rhyme scheme or metrical pattern.
Characteristics:
Relies on natural rhythms of speech.
Varied line lengths and irregular meters.
Unconventional punctuation and structure.
Functions:
Provide flexibility and creative freedom for expression.
Allow experimentation with language and form.
Examples: "Leaves of Grass" by Walt Whitman, "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot.
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